Who were Marianne and Germania

Marianne and Germania

In Olden times the best way to present an idea was through symbolic personifications this was the most common and appealing way to invite peoples attention. From 1789, females appeared in paintings as symbol of liberty and revolution. During the French Revolution many symbolic personifications of Liberty in reason appeared Marianna was the female figure invented by artists in the 19th Century to represent the French Nation her characteristics was drawn from those of liberty and the Republic the red cap , the tricolour, the Cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public places to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.Marianne images for marked on coins and stamps.

Similarly,Germania became the symbol of the German Nation. This work was done by the artist Philip Viet. He depicted Germania as a female figure standing against a background with beans of Sunlight shown through the tri colour fabric of the national flag.Germania was wearing a Crown of oak leaves as the German of stands for heroism.

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The French Revolution and The Idea Of Nation | French Revolution CBSE Class 9

The French Revolution

The first clear expression of the nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789 in France. It proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constituent the nation and shape its destiny.

The political and constitutional changes came to be seen for example,

⏺️ Transfer of sovereignty from the monarch to French citizens.

⏺️ A sense of collective identity among the French people was created through various measures and practices.

⭐ Napoleon incorporated Revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.

⭐The Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code was introduced.Simplification of Administrative divisions, improvement in transport and communication systems, removal of guild restrictions, standardization of weights measures and introduction of common currency of the major changes in this system the right to property was also secured.

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Nationalism In India Class 10 CBSE notes

NCERT Solutions of Social Science Class 10 Nationalism In India

Important Questions

Ques 1- Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the non cooperation movement?

Ans-in February 1922 at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur a peaceful demonstration in the Bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police in this incident several British police officers were killed.Hearing of this incident, Mahatma Gandhi called off The Non Cooperation Movement.

Ques 2- what is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?

Ans- When Mahatma Gandhi return to India in January1915 started Satyagraha Movement in India in various places.

⏺️ Satyagraha comprised to Sanskrit words Satya and Agraha. Satya means truth and Agra humaines Park does it means following the path of truth and non-violence to attain freedom and fight against injustice.

⏺️ It is the philosophy of nonviolent resistance adopted by Gandhiji to end the British rule in India.

Ques 3- Describe any three features of the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930?
Ans-The Civil Disobedience Movement was started under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the year 1930 it was an important milestone in the history of Indian National is the main ideology behind the civil disobedience movement was to defy the laws made by British.
Three features of this movement were:
⏺️ Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari Taxes.
⏺️In many places forest people violated forest laws going into reserved forests to collect food and graze cattle.
⏺️Women participated in the movement on a large scale.

Ques 4 - Explain the  role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans- Women participated in large numbers in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
⏺️ During the Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in protest marches, boycott of foreign clothes and liquid shops in the manufacture of salt.
⏺️Many women even went to jail.
⏺️In urban areas women came from Hai cast families.
⏺️In rural areas women who participated belonging to rich peasant households
⏺️Though for a long time Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position to authority within the party.

Ques 5- What was Rowlatt Act?
Ans - The Rowlatt Act empowered to government to imprison in a person without a trial. It was passed in 1919 by the British government despite the united opposition of the Indian members.

Ques 6- Write a note on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
Ans-Jallianwala Bagh massacre holds an important and significant position in the freedom movement of India.It took place in Amritsar on 13 April 1919. The meeting was attended by large number of men ,women and children only entrance of the park was blocked by the British army on the orders of General Dyer. He ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without giving a word of warning. Thousands of people were killed and many were injured it was the cold blooded murder of innocent people.

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Equation of Photosynthesis - Class 10 Science Chapter 6

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Equation- 6CO² +12H²O -----------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H²O

In the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.

The Following Event occur during this process-

⏺️ Absorption of light energy chlorophyll.

⏺️ Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.

⏺️ Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Some cells of leaf contain green dots these green dots are cell organelles called chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll.

Stomata are the tiny pores present on the surface of leaves.

Exchange of gases Occurs across the surface of stems roots and leaves as well.

The plant closes these pores when it does not need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis the opening and closing of a of the pore is a function of the guard cells.

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Newlands Law of Octaves - Class 10 Science Chapter 5

Newland's Law of Octaves

The attempts of dobereiner encouraged other chemists to correlate the properties of elements with their atomic masses 1866 John newlands, an English scientist, arrange the non elements in order of their increasing atomic masses.

He found that every 8 element had properties similar to that of first.He compare this to the Octave of music therefore he called it the law of octaves.

Limitations

⏺️ Newlands law of octaves was applicable only upto 20 element that is calcium after calcium every eight element did not possess properties similar to that of the first.

⏺️Iron, which resembles Cobalt and Nickel in properties, has been placed far away from these elements.

Thus, Newlands law of Octaves worked well with lighter elements only.

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Dobereiner's Triads - Science Chapter 5 Class 10

Dobereiner's Triads

in the year 1817, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner, German chemist try to arrange the elements with similar properties into groups he identified some groups having three elements each so he called these groups triads dobereiner showed that when the three elements in a tried but were written in order to increasing atomic masses: the atomic mass of the middle element was roughly the average of the atomic mass of the other two elements.

Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner

Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner studied as a pharmacist in Munchberg in Germany and then study chemistry at Strasbourg. Eventually he became a professor of chemistry and pharmacy at the University of Jena. Dobereiner made the first observations on Platinum as a catalyst and discovered similar triads of elements which led to the development of the periodic table of elements.

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